Chandrayaan-3 mission initiated first Moon landing in Indian history.
Eugene Bullard, the only African American pilot in World War I, is posthumously commissioned as Second Lieutenant in the United States Air Force.
Armenia declares its independence from the Soviet Union.
Singing Revolution: Two million people from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania stand on the Vilnius–Tallinn road, holding hands.
Lunar Orbiter 1 takes the first photograph of Earth from orbit around the Moon.
The first flight of the Lockheed C-130 multi-role aircraft takes place.
The Cruise of the Kings, a royal cruise organised by the Queen Consort of Greece, Frederica of Hanover, departs from Marseille, France.
World War II: Soviet–Japanese War: The USSR State Defense Committee issues Decree no. 9898cc "About Receiving, Accommodation, and Labor Utilization of the Japanese Army Prisoners of War".
World War II: Marseille is liberated by the Allied forces.
World War II: King Michael of Romania dismisses the pro-Nazi government of Marshal Antonescu, who is later arrested. Romania switches sides from the Axis to the Allies.
World War II: Kharkiv is liberated by the Soviet Red Army for the second time after the Battle of Kursk.
World War II: Beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad.
World War II: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union sign the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. In a secret protocol to the pact, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Romania are divided into German and Soviet "spheres of influence".
Captain Lowell Smith and Lieutenant John P. Richter perform the first mid-air refueling on De Havilland DH-4B, setting an endurance flight record of 37 hours.
World War I: The British Expeditionary Force and the French Fifth Army begin their Great Retreat before the German Army.
The Southern Cross Expedition, the first British venture of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, departs from London.
The Austro-Prussian War ends with the Treaty of Prague.
The United Kingdom captures Hong Kong as a base as it prepares for the First Opium War with Qing China.